Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis, often known by his surnames as Machado de Assis, Machado, or Bruxo do Cosme Velho (21 June 1839 – 29 September 1908), was a pioneer Brazilian novelist, poet, playwright and short story writer, widely regarded as the greatest writer of Brazilian literature. In 1897, he founded and became the first President of the Brazilian Academy of Letters. He was multilingual, having taught himself French, English, German and Greek later in life. His literary production covered practically all genres, including poetry, novels, chronicles, drama, short stories, serials, journalism and literary criticism. Machado de Assis witnessed the Abolition of Slavery and the political transition of Brazil, with the coup of the proclamation of the Republic replacing the Empire, in addition to several significant events in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, being a notable commentator and reporter of the political and social events of his time.